The short version
Polar H10 is the accuracy reference; Whoop is the continuous-wear coach. They are not really substitutes — most serious HRV users own both for different jobs.
When Whoop is the right pick
If continuous overnight HRV plus daily Recovery coaching is what you actually use, Whoop is the right shape. The strap-free band is the form factor that makes 24/7 wear realistic; the coaching is the value proposition.
When Polar H10 is the right pick
If you want ground-truth HRV — for a structured morning protocol, for validating another device, for app-agnostic measurement — Polar H10 is the right shape. At ~$90 with no subscription and a ~400-hour battery on a replaceable coin cell, it is the cheapest device in the HRV category and the most accurate at once.
The hybrid case
Whoop for the daily continuous signal; Polar H10 for the morning reference measurement. The two layer cleanly and most committed HRV trainers end up running both.